ISSN 0798 1015

Vol. 38 (Nº 28) Año 2017. Pág. 18

Floristic richness in a transitional area between Mixed and Semideciduous Forests in the middle Tibagi River region, southern Brazil

Riqueza florística em uma área de transição entre Florestas Mistas e Semidecíduas na região média do rio Tibagi, sul do Brasil

Eduardo ADENESKY-FILHO 1 ; Franklin GALVÃO 2; Paulo Cesar BOTOSSO 3

Recibido: 31/12/16 • Aprobado: 25/01/2017

Content

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results

4. Discussion

Acknowledgements

Bibliographic references

1. Introduction

Over the past thousands years, great transformations have shaped the Brazilian vegetation into its current physiognomic configuration. Palynological records on southern Brazil during the last glacial period indicate the predominance of grassland vegetation (grasslands and cerrado) in regions now covered with forests (Behling, 1995). During the late Quaternary, due to changes in climatic conditions and abundant rainfall, forests began to prevail over grasslands and cerrados on hillside slopes and in river valleys (Behling 2002). Until a few decades ago, the state of Parana had one of the richest forest covers in Brazil (Maack, 2012).

Nowadays, forest advance is no longer detained by climatic conditions, but by such anthropogenic pressures as agriculture, livestock, and wood exploitation. Forest which used to cover 83% of the state of Parana (Maack, 2012) only occupy 10.52% of its territory, most of it as fragments (SOS Mata Atlântica,2009).

Remnants of the Atlantic Forest domain, to which all the forests found in that state belong, are insufficiently sampled (Giulietti et al., 2005). This is particularly the case of the middle Tibagi River basin, which, nevertheless, is an area of high conservation priority according tothe Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA, 2007). Little detailed information about this region is available (Medri et al., 2002), although it has some of the largest and best remnants in that state (Torezan, 2002). Therefore, studies are urgently needed to understand the regional flora, redirect planning efforts, and preserve ecosystems.

The Tibagi River has its source in the Campos Gerais, to the west of the Devonian escarpment, and runs approximately 550 km before it empties into the Paranapanema River (Maack, 2012). Due to its extension, it flows through most of the lithologies found in the state of Parana (Pinese, 2002), which, in addition to the transition between Cfa and Cfb climates (Mendonça & Oliveira, 2002), promotes a great variety of soils and associations (Stipp, 2002). Together, such features imply the presence of different environments and distinct phytogeographic regions (IBGE, 2012) in this basin, whose main forest types are Mixed and Semideciduous Forests, (Dias et al., 2002; Cardoso & Sajo, 2004; Carmo & Assis, 2012).

Given the ecological importance of forest remnants in the middle Tibagi River watershed, Paraná, we intend, based on a floristic survey, to provide information on the tree and shrub species richness, the occurrence of endangered species, and the representation of its ecological groups.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Study area is a 2.675 ha forested area located within the limits of the county of Telêmaco Borba, in the central-eastern part of the Second Parana Plateau, at coordinates 24º07′02″ S and 50º41′20″ W, in the middle Tibagi River watershed. Geologically, it corresponds to the sediment sequence of the Sedimentary Basin of the state of Parana, and outcropping rocks belong to the Itararé, Guatá, and Passa Dois groups (Milaniet al., 1994). Prevailing soils are Argisols, Latosols, Neosols, Nitosols, and Cambisols (EMBRAPA, 2006). According to Köppen’s classification, Cfb (humid with temperate summer) climate prevails in the region. Average annual temperature is 18°C (IAPAR, 1978) and average annual rainfall, 1.577 mm (SUDERHSA, 1998).

It is located on the Atlantic Forest Domain inserted at the Campos Gerais, according to Maack’s definition (2012). The geological, pedological, and climatic variations occurring in the Tibagi River watershed (Medri et al., 2002) allow the development of different plant types. Yet our study area is covered with both Semideciduous and Mixed Forests (Medri et al., 2009).

2.2. Data Collection

Our floristic survey follows the walk-through methodology proposed by Filgueiras et al., (1994). It consists in establishing parallel transects 100 m apart. Since our area is quite wide (2,675 ha), our collection efforts focused on approximately 2 ha sample blocks and, to encompass the most diverse environments, we walked along pre-established trails adjacent to the Tibagi River and its tributary, as well as on by- and main roads.

During our walks, we collected fertile samples of tree and shrub species with a diameter at breast height (DBH ~ 1.3 m above ground level) equal or superior to 15 cm. Data collection took place between December/2010 and February/2012. Botanical material was herborized and identified, with specialized bibliography and consultation to the Museu Botânico Municipal (MBM - City Botanical Gardens) of Curitiba, Paraná. Classification is based on APG III (2009), and botanical nomenclature was confirmed both by the Flora do Brasil (2016) and the Tropicos.org (2016). Collected samples and voucher specimens were deposited at the following herbaria: MBM, UPCB, HCF and RB, acronyms according to Thiers (2016).

To simplify the interpretation of the floristic composition, species were separated in ecological groups, defined according to Swaine & Whitmore (1988), and divided into three groups: pioneers (P), non-pioneer light-demanders (CL), and non-pioneer shade-tolerant (CS). Ecological information on species was found in the following bibliography: Gandolfi et al., (1995); Reis (1995); Ivanauskas et al.,(1999); Fonseca & Rodrigues (2000); Iserhagen et al.,(2002); Silva et al.,(2003); Mantovani et al.,(2005); Carvalho et al.,(2006); Guarantini et al.,(2008); Rodrigues et al., (2009); Lorenzi (2000; 2002; 2009); Carvalho (2003; 2006; 2008; 2010) and complemented with the authors’ knowledge.

3. Results

The survey documented 221 native and four exotic species: seven tree ferns (Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae), one Gymnosperms (Araucariaceae), and 213 Angiosperms (Table 1) distributed in 51 families and 138 genera.

The richest families were Fabaceae (33 species), Myrtaceae (29), Euphorbiaceae (13), Meliaceae and Lauraceae (10 each), Rutaceae (9), Salicaceae (8) Rubiaceae, and Moraceae (7), totalizing 57% of all the species recorded. In the remaining families, approximately 8.1% (18) presented only one species. The richest genera were Eugenia L. (9 species), Machaerium (6), Casearia, Cyathea, Ficus, Solanum, and Trichilia (5 each).

Among tree species, Aspidosperma riedelii Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae) had only been reported in the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina in the Flora do Brasil (2016). It is thus a new record of occurrence to Paraná State. It was solely found on superficial fractures of diabase dikes in an area with Litholic Neosol.

The species Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae), Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae), and Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Dicksoniaceae), are listed as endangered in Brazil (Martinelli et al., 2013), and Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae), Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg., Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae), Machaerium paraguariense Hassl., and Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão (Fabaceae) have been described as rare in this state (MMA, 2008).

Classification into ecological groups revealed that 59.3% (131 species) are non-pioneer light-demanders, 24.9% (55) are non-pioneer shade-bearers and 15.8% (35) are pioneers.

Table 1 – Species checklist organized by ecological group and voucher numbers, documented in the forest fragment located within the limits of the county of Telêmaco Borba, PR. GE – Ecological Group (P = pioneer; CL = non-pioneer light-demander; CS = non-pioneer shade-tolerant; NC = not classified; I = Invasive-exotic; * identified in the field, but no fertile specimens were found.

4. Discussion

The high species richness of Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, as found in this study, is recurrent in forest formations from southern and southeastern Brazil (Ivanauskas & Rodrigues 2000; Colonetti et al., 2009; Higuchi et al., 2012; Kurtz et al., 2009; Ribeiro et al., 2013), as well as in fragments located in the Tibagi River watershed (Dias et al.,1998; Bianchini et al., 2003; Costa et al., 2011; Carmo & Assis, 2012), especially in its middle course (Silva et al.,1995; Dias et al., 2002).

According to Torezan (2002), the Tibagi River watershed is composed of grassland and forest phytophysiognomies whose proximity favors the growth of a higher number of species typical of each. Thus, the high species richness of Myrtaceae and Fabaceae found in this study area is linked to its closeness to the lower Tibagi River, covered by semideciduous seasonal forests, in which these families, especially Fabaceae, are very species-rich (Jarenkow & Waechter, 2001; Leite et al., 2013; França & Stehmann, 2013).

Eugenia and Machaerium, which are frequent in this survey, are also part of the main species growing in this watershed (Bianchini et al., 2003; Carmo & Assis, 2012) and, exceptionally, in the middle Tibagi River area (Dias et al., 2002; Yamamoto et al., 2005). Studies carried out in forests of southern Brazil report that both genera present the highest number of species (Leite et al., 2013) and are distributed on the different forest layers (Dias et al., 2002).

Based on floristic and phytosociological surveys and on the consultation herbaria, 547 tree and shrub species have so far been mentioned as occurring in the (25.000 km2) Tibagi River watershed (Dias et al., 2002). Since our study area shelters 221 species, i.e. 40% of the total species of the whole watershed, it is a taxon rich habitat.

The high species richness probably is related to both the geo-pedological (Pinese, 2002; Stipp, 2002) and climatic (Mendonça & Oliveira, 2002) conditions and their local associations watershed, which allow environment diversification and, consequently, the presence of more species (Torezan, 2002). Another relevant factor is the species mix of typical of distinct phytogeographic regions: mixed ombrophilous forests, characterized by the presence of Araucaria angustifolia, and semideciduous seasonal forest, identified by the occurrence of Aspidosperma polyneuron. Such results indicate that the middle Tibagi River area is an ecotone region (Carmo & Assis, 2012; Dias et al., 2002). According to Durigan et al., (2008), transition areas tend to present high species richness and diversity because taxa from distinct phytogeographic regions co-occurs.

The presence of species in the different ecological groups allows us to infer that this fragment constitutes a mosaic of different successional stages, where areas sheltering non-pioneer shade-bearers or light-demanders are adjacent to disturbed ones occupied by early successional species. The alternation of ecological groups, forming a dynamic component of overcoming among species, was also observed by Silva et al., (2003) and Mantovani et al., (2005), who pointed out changes in plant communities over time as possible causes.

Non-pioneer light-demanders were the prevailing ecological group, followed by non-pioneer shade-bearers. According to Mantovani et al., (2005), this denotes conditions are better suited to a successful recruitment of late successional species. However, the predominance of light-demanders suggests that the area has not yet reached its full development or that another factor may have modified its successional status.

According to Peixoto (2004), among the factors that can delay succession are fires and selective logging. Guarantini et al., (2008) also noted species richness in early ecological groups, after fires in semideciduous seasonal forests. They stated that natural or anthropic disturbance originates small gaps that can be colonized by light-demanding species, which can thus be quite numerous within the forest.

Furthermore, with regard to climax species, it is worth stressing that emrgent tree species Annona cacans, Araucaria angustifolia, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Machaerium scleroxylon, and Myrocarpus frondosus, were distributed within the whole survey area. Similar results were obtained by Ivanauskas & Rodrigues (2000) and Costa et al., (2011) who studied the successional character of tree species in forest fragments of Southern Brazil and acknowledged species typical of climax and/or better preserved forests.

Information on the richness of the regional flora including endangered species and a new tree species in this state proves the relevance of forest fragments in the Tibagi River watershed as well as the importance of floristic studies to preserve forest ecosystems and maintain their ecological functions.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Companhia Paranaense de Energia (COPEL), and more particularly Murilo Lacerda Barddal, who allowed data collection and provided the necessary infrastructure; Osmar dos Santos Ribas, curator at the Museu Botânico de Curitiba (MBM), for his help in the identification of species; and the Cooperativa Interdisciplinar de Serviços Técnicos (INTERCOOP), for their help in collecting and identifying species.

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1. Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Doctoral candidate in Forest Enginnering, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. E-mail: eduardo_adenesky@yahoo.com.br 

2. Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

3. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, CEP 83411-000, Colombo, PR, Brasil.